Lifespan and healthspan

Interventions aimed at aging itself rather than a single disease.

A new category: drugs and protocols intended to delay the onset of age-related disease across the board. Nothing here has completed a lifespan-endpoint trial in dogs yet, so this section is mostly about what is being tested and how to read the results when they arrive.

How it is measured

Lifespan, healthspan indices, owner-reported quality of life, and biomarkers of aging. Trials are long and expensive, which is why evidence is thin.

Why this matters: canine pain and cognition trials rely heavily on owner-reported scores, and owners who know their dog is being treated tend to report improvement whether or not the drug works. Trials using objective measures such as force-plate gait analysis carry more weight here for exactly that reason.

Interventions, best evidence first